Home care and digital platforms in Spain

The introduction of the Ley de Promoción de la Autonomía Personal y Atención a las Personas en Situación de Dependencia, LAPAD (Promotion of the Autonomy and Care of People in a Situation of Dependency Law, LAPAD) in 2006 represented a major step forward with its universal recognition of the right to care. However, cuts in funding in subsequent years have severely limited the law's potential, and the gap between demand and services offered continues to widen. This means today, the care of the elderly and dependent continues to be a responsibility largely borne by women in the family. They either have to employ someone else (another woman, often foreign) to do the job or do it themselves

The stigma against tuberculosis in students of the faculty of medicine of a public university, 2017

Introducción. La tuberculosis es un problema de salud pública en nuestro país. Los pacientes afectados tardan en acceder a los servicios de salud entre otros factores por el estigma y discriminación social que se tiene de esta enfermedad en la población. Además, el estigma tiene impacto en la relación social y familiar de los pacientes afectados. El objetivo del presente estudio fue cuantificar el estigma en estudiantes de la facultad de medicina de una universidad pública. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Se aplicó un cuestionario previamente validado a estudiantes de los tres primeros años de la facultad de medicina, con la finalidad de cuantificar el estigma a la tuberculosis. Resultados. Se aplicó el cuestionario a 505 estudiantes de la facultad de medicina. El 39% de la población estudiantil mostró un moderado y gran estigma frente a las personas afectadas por tuberculosis; asimismo, el 38% mostró un leve estigma y 23% no presentó estigma frente a esta enfermedad. Conclusiones. Existe moderado y gran estigma en 39% de los estudiantes de la facultad de medicina estudiados.Introduction. Tuberculosis is a public health problem in our country. Affected patients are slow to access health services, among other factors due to the stigma and social discrimination that this disease has in the population. In addition, stigma has an impact on the social and family relationship of affected patients. The objective of the present study was to quantify the stigma in students of the faculty of medicine of a public university. Methods. An observational, descriptive and transversal study was carried out. A previously validated questionnaire was applied to students of the first three years of medical school, in order to quantify the stigma of tuberculosis. Results. The questionnaire was applied to 505 students of the medical school. 39% of the student population showed a moderate and great stigma in front of the people affected by tuberculosis; likewise, 38% showed a slight stigma and 23% did not present stigma against this disease. Conclusions. There is moderate and great stigma in 39% of the students of the medical school studied

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Aymara Arutha Chiqapa Qillqañataki Panka = Manual de escritura aimara 1

Este texto permite a docentes de EIB conocer más su lengua originaria, contar con orientaciones para el uso del alfabeto oficial y normas de escritura consensuadas, y avanzar en la construcción de estilos escritos que se vayan estandarizando por acción de los hablantes de esta lengua originaria. Todo esto es necesario para desarrollar la propuesta pedagógica de EIB y promover competencias comunicativas en la lengua originaria como lengua materna de los niños y niñas. Este material es el resultado de un trabajo conjunto entre lingüistas, docentes, representantes de organizaciones indígenas, especialistas de EIB y sabio(a)s quienes hablan y/o escriben competentemente en dicha lengua. El texto se pone a a disposición de los maestros y maestras de las instituciones educativas donde asisten estudiantes del pueblo aimara para que consulten diversos aspectos respecto a la escritura en esta lengua. Un docente que maneja en forma oral y escrita la lengua originaria de sus estudiantes y desarrolla competencias comunicativas en ella, contribuirá a lograr los cambios necesarios para llevar a cabo el modelo de servicio EIB en sus diferentes formas de atención y, por lo tanto, al desarrollo de aprendizajes pertinentes en los estudiantes de los pueblos originarios

Uso de las tecnologías de información y comunicación (TIC) y su relación con el desempeño laboral del personal administrativo de las Universidades Nacionales de la Región de Puno, 2018 - 2019

TesisEsta investigación aborda a una institución pública, en este caso las universidades nacionales de la región de Puno, cuyas acciones repercuten en asegurar calidad de servicio. Nuestro objetivo de la investigación es determinar la relación que existe entre el uso de las tecnologías de información y comunicación y, el desempeño laboral del personal administrativo de las universidades nacionales de la Región de Puno, 2018 – 2019. La investigación es de tipo correlacional con enfoque cuantitativo, de diseño no experimental, transversal debido a que se recogió la información en un solo momento y luego se dio a conocer la situación en la que se encuentra; el método utilizado es deductivo que consiste en tomar conclusiones generales para explicaciones particulares. Para tal estudio se escogió una muestra de tipo probabilístico estratificado de los trabajadores administrativos de las universidades nacionales de la región de Puno, donde participaron 285 trabajadores administrativos como muestra. Resultados: para determinar la relación se utilizó analizador SPSS 2019 coeficiente de correlación Pearson, donde se determinó que si existe relación positiva alta con r = 0.712 que significa que es necesario uso de las Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación (TICs) para mejorar el desempeño laboral. Así mismo, existe relación positiva moderada entre la convivencia digital y la tecnología con desempeño de tareas, en donde r = 0.434, además el personal administrativo demuestra regular adaptación a la convivencia digital el cual genera regular desempeño de tareas y finalmente existe relación positiva alta entre la comunicación efectiva y colaboración con la eficacia y rendimiento futuro donde r = 0.769, con un nivel de significancia 0.00 menor a 0.05

El estrés y el rendimiento laboral del personal administrativo de la Municipalidad distrital de Taraco, periodo 2015

TesisEl presente trabajo de investigación aborda a una institución pública, en este caso la Municipalidad Distrital de Taraco, cuyas acciones repercuten en el desarrollo y la economía del país, para ello es importante que la institución pueda manejar el estrés y el rendimiento laboral de los trabajadores, es decir debe contar con personal idóneo, motivado y sin estrés. Por esta razón la investigación aborda el Análisis del estrés y el rendimiento laboral del personal administrativo de la Municipalidad Distrital de Taraco, Provincia de Huancané, Departamento de Puno periodo 2015; se tiene como objetivo general determinar el estrés y el rendimiento laboral del personal administrativo de la Municipalidad Distrital de Taraco, la metodología aplicada es el enfoque cuantitativo, método deductivo y es de tipo descriptivo. La técnica usada fue la encuesta mediante el uso del cuestionario como instrumento, dirigido al personal administrativo que labora en las áreas de planificación, contabilidad, abastecimiento, infraestructura y recursos humanos de la institución; los resultados obtenidos son en base de la aplicación de encuestas, en donde los colaboradores manifiestan que presentan estrés en el ámbito laboral debido a los factores ambientales, organizacionales e individuales; siendo las más resaltantes la implementación de la tecnología, el 35% manifiesta que casi siempre le produce estrés la implementación tecnológica y el 60% manifiesta que a veces es conflictiva la comunicación entre compañeros y jefes de área, esto hace que disminuya el rendimiento laboral en la institución, a su vez se determinó según la tabla N° 2, que 33% manifiesta que existe un nivel marcado de estrés en los trabajadores incidiendo en el desempeño individual y además se identificó que las características individuales influyen de manera directa en el rendimiento laboral del personal administrativo de la Municipalidad de Taraco, siendo la más resaltante según los resultados obtenidos en la tabla N° 7 un 60% dan a conocer que los trabajadores hacen uso de sus capacidades en el desarrollo de sus actividades, un 50% manifiesta que tiene conocimiento técnico para competir en su área de trabajo que se muestran en la tabla N° 8 y estas tienen una influencia en el rendimiento laboral del personal administrativo como se presenta en los ítems N° 17 y 18 en las cuales se observa que el 35% manifiesta que solo a veces son asignadas las labores de acuerdo a sus habilidades y/o destrezas y el 40% indica que solo a veces cumple eficaz y eficientemente su jornada de trabaj

PLATFORM COUNTERPUBLICS: GOSSIP & CONTESTED KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ONLINE LABOR PLATFORMS

As commercial platforms mediate large swaths of online markets for information and services, scholars have shown how users resist, or work around these opaque digital environments. From content producers to Uber drivers, digital laborers are particularly adept at appropriating and gaming platforms like YouTube, and Uber (Chen 2017; Duffy 2017; Rosenblat 2018). Often described as “multi-sided markets,” platforms bring together many different kinds of stakeholders, including consumers, workers, advertisers, and regulators (Gillespie 2010; Lingel 2020). However, investigations of working alongside algorithms have so far focused on workers’ relationship to algorithms, and neglected other stakeholders. Extending counterpublics theories (Warner 2002; Fraser 1990), we examine over 3,000 online reviews of a labor platform, Care.com, finding that both workers and clients use gossip to create a platform counterpublic that constructs a counternarrative about platform business practices. While previous studies suggest that different platform stakeholders have conflicting interests, we find that platform counterpublics draw both workers and clients together to draw boundaries demarcating acceptable platform business practices. Second, we point to the implications of platform counterpublics for the investigation of platform labor and algorithms. Consumer reviews of platforms are absent from critical literature on labor platforms. By bringing together scholarship on counterpublics with critical literature on labor platforms, this paper offers a relational approach to platforms